Burden of foodborne trematodiases and taeniasis in selected areas in southern Philippines

Background@#There are limited reports on foodborne trematodiases (FBT) and taeniasis prevalence and distribution in the Philippines. @*Objective@#This study aimed to describe their prevalence and distribution and determine the species causing these infections in selected areas in southern Philippines. @*Methodology@#The study was implemented in selected barangays in Caraga and Davao regions in southern Philippines. School-age children and adults with gastrointestinal manifestations within the last two weeks were examined using the modified Kato thick technique, while adults with cough for more than two weeks underwent sputum examination using NaOH concentration technique. The adult helminths from patients positive for FBT and/or taeniasis were processed, mounted, and stained for species identification.@*Results@#Variable FBT and taeniasis prevalence across geographic areas and population groups was seen with a highly focal distribution. Heterophyidiasis was the most common FBT with a 7.5% (168 out of 2,238) prevalence. Species not known to be endemic in the area were identified including Haplorchis taichui, Opisthorchis felineus, and Echinostoma ilocanum. Variable prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis was also seen. @*Conclusion@#The study revealed the hidden burden of FBT and taeniasis and identified species not known to be endemic in selected areas in southern Philippines. Addressing this hidden burden will require enhancing service delivery. This may be done by utilizing more accurate diagnosis, updating treatment guidelines, implementing evidence-based control interventions, and improving surveillance. Integrating control programs, for instance, integrating FBT and taeniasis control with STH and schistosomiasis control, and integrating paragonimiasis control with the national TB program, may also help in optimizing resources.

Prevaléncia de tremátodos y algunos factores de riesgo en vacas lecheras en Paipa, Boyacá (Colombia) / Prevalence of trematodes and some risk factors in dairy cows in Paipa Boyacá (Colombia)

RESUMEN Este estudio se llevó a cabo para establecer la prevalencia e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con las infestaciones por trematodos en ganado lechero Holstein en el valle de Paipa, Boyacá. Las muestras fecales recogidas de 100 bovinos seleccionados aleatoriamente se examinaron utilizando una técnica de sedimentación simple para el recuento diferencial de huevos de trematodos. Se buscaron huevos de tres grupos de trematodos: Fasciola hepatica, Paramphistomum spp., y Cotylophorum spp. La prevalencia específica de trematodos para cada grupo fue del 12, 9 y 4%, respectivamente. Se observó una superposición sustancial en el recuento de F. hepatica y Paramphistomum spp. La prevalencia de los tres trematodos identificados en este estudio se asoció significativamente (P < 0,05) con la condición corporal y la raza, mientras que la prevalencia de Fasciola hepatica y Paramphistomum spp., se asoció con la edad. La prevalencia de los tres principales trematodos de importancia para la salud animal con una alta tasa de infestación mixta junto con una mala condición corporal, sugiere una pérdida económica sustancial incurrida debido a la reducción de la productividad del ganado en el área de estudio.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to establish the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with trematode infestations in Holstein dairy cattle in the Paipa-Boyacá valley. Fecal samples collected from 100 randomly selected cattle were examined using a simple sedimentation technique for differential trematode egg count. Eggs were sought from three groups of trematodes: Fasciola hepatica, Paramphistomum spp., and Cotylophorum spp. The specific prevalence was 12, 9 and 4%, respectively. Substantial overlap was observed in the count of F. hepatica and Paramphistomum spp. The prevalence of the three flukes identified in this study was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with body condition and race, while the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum spp., was associated with age. The prevalence of the three main trematodes of importance for animal health with a high rate of mixed infestation together with a poor body condition, suggests a substantial economic loss incurred due to the reduction of livestock productivity in the study area.

Infection by Platynosomum illiciens (= P. fastosum) in domestic cats of Araguaína, Tocantins, northern Brazil / Infecção por Platynosomum illiciens (= P. fastosum) em gatos domésticos de Araguaína, Tocantins, Norte do Brasil

Abstract Platynosomiasis is a hepatopathy caused by Platynosomum illiciens(= P. fastosum) (Trematoda: Dicrocoelidae), which occurs mainly in domestic and wild cats in tropical and subtropical areas. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of P. illiciens infection in domestic cats in the city of Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil, using necropsy and coproparasitological tests. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the use of two different techniques to diagnose P. illiciens infection in domestic cats and verify whether this parasitism was associated with individual feline characteristics. For this, 54 cats of different ages were analyzed. The percentage of infection was 33.3% (CI = 21.1-47.5%), parasite load was 9-509, mean intensity was 151.7, and mean abundance was 50.5 trematodes per animal. The risk of infection was higher for females than for males (OR = 5.00; P = 0.017). The spontaneous sedimentation coproparasitological test demonstrated the greatest sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing P. illiciens. This study is the first to report the occurrence of P. illiciens in cats in the state of Tocantins, northern Brazil.

Resumo A platinosomose é uma hepatopatia causada por Platynosomum illiciens(= P. fastosum) (Trematoda: Dicrocoelidae), que ocorre principalmente em felinos domésticos e selvagens de áreas tropicais e subtropicais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de P. illiciens em gatos domésticos do município de Araguaína, Tocantins, Brasil, por meio de necrópsia e exames coproparasitológicos, bem como avaliar o uso de diferentes técnicas no diagnóstico de P. illiciens em gatos domésticos e verificar a associação da parasitose com características individuais dos felinos. O estudo foi realizado em 54 gatos com diferentes idades, machos e fêmeas. O percentual de infecção foi de 33,3% (IC= 21,1% - 47,5%), a carga parasitária observada foi de 09-509, a intensidade média de 151,7 e a abundância média de 50,5 trematódeos por animal. As fêmeas apresentaram maior chance de infecção do que os machos (OR=5,00; P=0,017). O teste coproparasitológico que demonstrou maior sensibilidade e especificidade foi o de sedimentação espontânea. O presente estudo faz o primeiro relato da ocorrência de P. illiciens em gatos no estado do Tocantins, região Norte do Brasil.

Molecular identification and histological aspects of Renicola sloanei (Digenea: Renicolidae) in Puffinus puffinus (Procellariiformes): a first record / Identificação molecular e aspectos histológicos de Renicola sloanei (Digenea: Renicolidae) em Puffinus puffinus (Procellariiformes): primeiros registros

Abstract Renicolids are parasites that inhabit the renal tubules and ureters of molluscivorous and piscivorous birds. Puffinus puffinus is a migratory seabird that was identified as the definitive host of Renicola spp. Studies focusing on the renicolid species and the resulting renal lesions are valuable for their association with causes of stranding in seabirds. The aim of this study was to identify the renicolid trematodes and evaluate the histological findings in two P. puffinus stranded on the coast of Paraná state, Brazil. The parasites were evaluated by histologic, ultrastructural and molecular assays, while tissue changes were analyzed by histologic methods. The morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the parasites, along with polymerase chain reaction and sequencing assays (ribosomal and mitochondrial regions), identified the species as Renicola sloanei. The results also suggest that this helminth can be the adult form of Cercaria pythionike. The dilation of collecting ducts was the main histological finding in the kidneys. In conclusion, R. sloanei was identified, and for the first time, P. puffinus was described as a host of this digenean inducing mild renal changes.

Resumo Renicolídeos são parasitos que habitam túbulos renais e ureteres de aves que se alimentam de moluscos e peixes. Puffinus puffinus, ave marinha migratória, foi registrada como hospedeiro definitivo de Renicola spp. Estudos relacionados com as espécies de renicolídeos e as lesões renais resultantes são importantes para o entendimento das causas de óbito de aves marinhas. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os trematódeos renicolídeos e avaliar os achados histológicos em dois P. puffinus encalhados no litoral do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os parasitos foram avaliados por ensaios histológicos, ultraestruturais e moleculares, enquanto as alterações teciduais foram analisadas por métodos histológicos. As características morfológicas e morfométricas dos parasitos, juntamente com a reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciamento (regiões ribossomal e mitocondrial), identificaram a espécie como Renicola sloanei. Os resultados também sugerem que este helminto pode ser a forma adulta de Cercaria pythionike. A dilatação dos ductos coletores foi o principal achado histológico renal. Em conclusão, R. sloanei foi identificado, e pela primeira vez P. puffinus foi descrito como hospedeiro deste digenético induzindo alterações renais discretas.

Freshwater snails as the intermediate host of trematodes in Iran: a systematic review / 한국역학회지

Freshwater snails, as the first intermediate hosts of trematodes, can cause health hazards in animals and humans. Recently, the World Health Organization has included Iran in a list of 6 countries known to have serious problems with fascioliasis. In addition, cercarial dermatitis is a job-related disease that is seen often in paddy workers, agricultural labourers, and fishermen in Iran, particularly in Mazandaran Province. Many studies have been conducted in Iran to survey larval trematodes in freshwater snails. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive data exist regarding infections in gastropods. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the types and prevalence of cercarial infections in snails in Iran. Electronic English-language and Persian-language databases were searched to identify 24 published articles reporting the prevalence of trematode infections in snails (9 species from 6 families) in various provinces of Iran. In total, 4.4% of gastropods were infected with the larval stages of trematodes. According to the studies reviewed in this meta-analysis‚ the highest infection prevalence was found in Radix auricularia (9.9%). Twelve larval species of trematodes were identified, and the highest prevalence of cercariae was found for Echinostomatidae cercariae (4.3%). Among the provinces explored, West Azerbaijan had the highest prevalence of infected snails (16.9%). The presence of trematodes in snails could pose a serious health problem in Iran. Thus, further studies are necessary to characterize these infections in other provinces.

Freshwater snails as the intermediate host of trematodes in Iran: a systematic review / 한국역학회지

Freshwater snails, as the first intermediate hosts of trematodes, can cause health hazards in animals and humans. Recently, the World Health Organization has included Iran in a list of 6 countries known to have serious problems with fascioliasis. In addition, cercarial dermatitis is a job-related disease that is seen often in paddy workers, agricultural labourers, and fishermen in Iran, particularly in Mazandaran Province. Many studies have been conducted in Iran to survey larval trematodes in freshwater snails. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive data exist regarding infections in gastropods. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the types and prevalence of cercarial infections in snails in Iran. Electronic English-language and Persian-language databases were searched to identify 24 published articles reporting the prevalence of trematode infections in snails (9 species from 6 families) in various provinces of Iran. In total, 4.4% of gastropods were infected with the larval stages of trematodes. According to the studies reviewed in this meta-analysis‚ the highest infection prevalence was found in Radix auricularia (9.9%). Twelve larval species of trematodes were identified, and the highest prevalence of cercariae was found for Echinostomatidae cercariae (4.3%). Among the provinces explored, West Azerbaijan had the highest prevalence of infected snails (16.9%). The presence of trematodes in snails could pose a serious health problem in Iran. Thus, further studies are necessary to characterize these infections in other provinces.

Occurrence of Paratanaisia spp. Freitas, 1951 in a domiciled cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus, Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) / Ocorrência de Paratanaisia spp. Freitas, 1951 em calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus, Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) domiciliada

Abstract Digenetic eucotylids of the Paratanaisia genus are widely reported parasites of the avian renal system. The infection, commonly reported in free-living and zoo-housed birds, is described for the first time in a domiciled bird, a cockatiel kept as pet bird with free access to the yard outdoors. The bird was received at Veterinary Hospital, where clinical and radiographic evaluations suggested a case of heavy-metal poisoning. Although the bird received supportive care and a chelating agent, it died the next day. The necropsy showed friable kidneys and congestion of blood vessels in structures such as the skin, proventriculus, brain, and skullcap. The histopathological evaluation of the kidneys revealed multifocal hemorrhages, commonly found in cases of heavy-metal poisoning. Parasitic structures similar to those of the digenean trematodes Paratanaisia spp. were also observed inside dilated collecting ducts, which presented epithelial cell flattening and vacuolization. There was compression of adjacent tissue and discrete fibrotic areas. In the presence of intermediate hosts in the yard, the synanthropic nature of some wild free-living birds could make them a source of trematodes infection and dissemination for pet birds. Conversely, the infected cockatiel could also have served as a reservoir and carrier of trematodes to wild free-living birds.

Resumo Eucotilídeos digenéticos do gênero Paratanaisia são amplamente descritos como parasitas do trato urinário de aves. A infecção, comumente relatada em aves de vida livre e em zoológicos, é descrita pela primeira vez em uma ave domiciliada, uma calopsita mantida como ave de companhia com livre acesso ao jardim externo. A ave foi recebida no Hospital Veterinário onde avaliações clínicas e radiográficas sugeriram um quadro de intoxicação por metal pesado. Embora tenha recebido tratamento de suporte e agente quelante a ave veio a óbito no dia seguinte. A necropsia demonstrou rins de consistência friável e congestão dos vasos sanguíneos da pele, proventrículo, cérebro e calota craniana. A avaliação histopatológica dos rins revelou hemorragias multifocais comumente observadas em intoxicação por metais pesados. Estruturas parasitárias similares àquelas observadas em Paratanaisia spp. foram observadas no interior de ductos coletores dilatados, os quais apresentavam achatamento e vacuolização de células epiteliais. Havia compressão do tecido adjacente e discretas áreas de fibrose. Na presença de hospedeiros intermediários no jardim, a condição sinantrópica de algumas aves de vida livre poderia torná-las fonte de infecção e disseminação de trematódeos para aves domiciliadas. Em contrapartida, a calopsita infectada poderia também servir como reservatório e carreador de trematódeos para aves de vida livre.

Psittacara leucophthalmus (Aves: Psittacidae) como um novo hospedeiro de Paratanaisia bragai (Trematoda: Eucotylidae) no Brasil: achados clínicos e patológicos: relato de caso / Psittacara leucophthalmus as a new host of Paratanaisia bragai (Trematoda: Eucotylidae) in Brazil: clinical and pathological findings: case report

Paratanaisia bragai é um trematódeo que parasita rins e ureteres de aves domésticas e selvagens. Apesar de considerado pouco patogênico pode levar a complicações clínicas e morte em infecções severas. No presente estudo, um caso de parasitismo fatal em maritaca (Psittacara leucophthalmus) por P. bragai é relatado. A ave, oriunda da área urbana do município de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, teve manifestações clínicas de apatia, desidratação, dispneia e veio a óbito. Na necropsia foram observados rins aumentados de volume, pálidos, com superfície irregular e nodulações esbranquiçadas. Ao corte verificaram-se parasitos nos rins, que foram processados para montagem de lâminas permanentes e identificados segundo técnica de rotina como P. bragai. No exame histopatológico dos rins foram constatados infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocítico multifocal moderado, dilatação de túbulos e focos de regeneração tubular, associados a fibrose intersticial moderada no córtex renal. Na medula renal havia infiltrado de macrófagos, heterófilos, eosinófilos e células gigantes multinucleadas associado a parasitos em ductos coletores dilatados. O parasitismo de P. leucophthalmus por P. bragai é relatado pela primeira vez. A importância de se considerar este parasito entre as possibilidades diagnósticas em aves com insuficiência renal é brevemente discutida.(AU)

Paratanaisia bragai is a trematode parasite of the kidneys and ureters of poultry and wild birds. Despite its low pathogenicity, this parasite can lead to several clinical complications and death in heavy infections. In the present study, a fatal case of parasitism by P. bragai in a specimen of the White-eyed Parakeet, Psittacara leucophthalmus, is reported. The bird, coming from the urban area of the county of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was clinically evaluated and revealed apathy, dehydration, dyspnea, and death. The gross findings were pale and enlarged kidneys, which also had irregular surface with whitish nodulations. Parasites were observed on cutting surface of the renal parenchyma. They were processed for assembly of permanent slides and identified as P. bragai according to routine technique. The histologic findings were mild multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, tubular dilatation and foci of tubular regeneration related to mild interstitial fibrosis in the renal cortex, and infiltration of macrophages, heterophils, eosinophils and multinucleated giant cells associated with metazoan parasites in the collecting ducts in renal medulla. The parasitism of P. leucophthalmus by P. bragai is reported for the first time. The importance of considering this parasite among the diagnostic possibilities in birds with renal insufficiency is briefly discussed.(AU)

Progress in immunology diagnosis of food-born trematodes / 中华地方病学杂志

Food-born trematodes which parasitize liver, lung and intestine cause various trematodes diseases. There are a few common trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola, Opisthorchis, Paragonimus, and Echinostoma. This review provides recent progress in techniques and methods for their immunodiagnosis. These methods are mainly used to diagnose with excretory-secretary antigen, recombinant antigen and antibodies of hosts, by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, immunefluorescence, immunehistochemistry, proteomics and a lateral flow detection system so on. It is beneficial to improve diagnostic and accuracy rates when all this methods are used synthetically.

Occurrence of Paratanaisia spp. Freitas, 1951 in a domiciled cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus, Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)

Abstract Digenetic eucotylids of the Paratanaisia genus are widely reported parasites of the avian renal system. The infection, commonly reported in free-living and zoo-housed birds, is described for the first time in a domiciled bird, a cockatiel kept as pet bird with free access to the yard outdoors. The bird was received at Veterinary Hospital, where clinical and radiographic evaluations suggested a case of heavy-metal poisoning. Although the bird received supportive care and a chelating agent, it died the next day. The necropsy showed friable kidneys and congestion of blood vessels in structures such as the skin, proventriculus, brain, and skullcap. The histopathological evaluation of the kidneys revealed multifocal hemorrhages, commonly found in cases of heavy-metal poisoning. Parasitic structures similar to those of the digenean trematodes Paratanaisia spp. were also observed inside dilated collecting ducts, which presented epithelial cell flattening and vacuolization. There was compression of adjacent tissue and discrete fibrotic areas. In the presence of intermediate hosts in the yard, the synanthropic nature of some wild free-living birds could make them a source of trematodes infection and dissemination for pet birds. Conversely, the infected cockatiel could also have served as a reservoir and carrier of trematodes to wild free-living birds.

Resumo Eucotilídeos digenéticos do gênero Paratanaisia são amplamente descritos como parasitas do trato urinário de aves. A infecção, comumente relatada em aves de vida livre e em zoológicos, é descrita pela primeira vez em uma ave domiciliada, uma calopsita mantida como ave de companhia com livre acesso ao jardim externo. A ave foi recebida no Hospital Veterinário onde avaliações clínicas e radiográficas sugeriram um quadro de intoxicação por metal pesado. Embora tenha recebido tratamento de suporte e agente quelante a ave veio a óbito no dia seguinte. A necropsia demonstrou rins de consistência friável e congestão dos vasos sanguíneos da pele, proventrículo, cérebro e calota craniana. A avaliação histopatológica dos rins revelou hemorragias multifocais comumente observadas em intoxicação por metais pesados. Estruturas parasitárias similares àquelas observadas em Paratanaisia spp. foram observadas no interior de ductos coletores dilatados, os quais apresentavam achatamento e vacuolização de células epiteliais. Havia compressão do tecido adjacente e discretas áreas de fibrose. Na presença de hospedeiros intermediários no jardim, a condição sinantrópica de algumas aves de vida livre poderia torná-las fonte de infecção e disseminação de trematódeos para aves domiciliadas. Em contrapartida, a calopsita infectada poderia também servir como reservatório e carreador de trematódeos para aves de vida livre.

Platynosomum fastosum (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) infection in a domestic cat in northeastern Brazil: high fluke burden and associated lesions / Infecção por Platynosomum fastosum (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) em gato doméstico no nordeste do Brasil: alta carga parasitária e lesões associadas

Introduction: Platynosomum fastosum is a dicrocoeliid fluke that infects birds and mammals, especially wild and domestic cats. Case report: A middleaged male domestic cat was euthanized and examined. Its clinical features had included apathy, emaciation, hepatomegaly and mild jaundice on the mucosae. At necropsy, we noticed enlarged liver and dilated gallbladder. After opening the gallbladder lengthwise, multiple whitish flattened ellipsoidal structures were observed and identified as P. fastosum. The larger parasites were found in gallbladder, with significant different size from cystic duct and intrahepatic biliary ducts (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed fluke-induced suppurative cholecystitis and chronic cholangitis. Precursor lesions of cholangiocarcinoma were reported. Conclusion: This report was part of the first prevalence survey of P.fastosum in municipality of Maracanaú, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil. (AU)

Introdução: Platynosomum fastosum é um trematódeo dicrocelídeo que infecta aves e mamíferos, especialmente felídeos domésticos e silvestres. Relato do caso: Um gato doméstico macho, apresentando apatia, emaciação, hepatomegalia e icterícia leve nas mucosas, foi submetido à eutanásia e subsequente necropsia. Ao exame macroscópico foi observada hepatomegalia e dilatação da vesícula biliar. Após abertura da vesícula, foram observadas múltiplas estruturas foliáceas esbranquiçadas, posteriormente identificadas como P. fastosum. Os maiores exemplares foram encontrados na vesícula, com tamanho estatisticamente diferente daqueles encontrados no ducto cístico e nos ductos biliares intrahepáticos (p<0.05). Análise microscópica revelou colecistite supurativa e colangite crônicas induzidas pela infecção parasitária. Lesões precursoras de colangiocarcinoma foram reportadas. Conclusão: este relato está inserido no primeiro estudo de prevalência de P. fastosumno município de Maracanaú, Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. (AU)

Prevalência e patogênese da infecção natural por platynosomum fastosum (digenea: dicrocoeliidae) EM felis catus (linnaeus, 1758) do município de Maracanaú, Ceará

A espécie Platynosomum fastos um (sin. P. illiciens, P. concinnum), digenético da família Dicrocoeliidae, é um trematódeo do trato biliar de gatos domésticos esilvestres, cuja infecção varia de assintomática à letal. A prevalência da infecção pelo trematódeo varia entre 15 e 85% em países tropicais. No Brasil, os dados se limitam arelatos de caso e a alguns inquéritos epidemiológicos locais. No Ceará, não existemes tudos de prevalência sobre esse trematódeo, mas recentemente um relato de caso foi publicado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a prevalência da infecção de P. fastos um, caracterizando as principais lesões associadas à sua patogênese, em gatos não domiciliados do município de Maracanaú, Ceará. Foi realizado um estudo epidemio-patológico, transversal e analítico, sobre a infecção de P. fastosum em uma amostra de gatos (Felis catus) capturados pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da cidade de Maracanaú, durante o período de Maio/2014 a Maio/2015. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Animal da UFC, sob o n° 40/2014.Conforme cálculo amostral e após triagem, 141 gatos foram submetidos à eutanásia por métodos éticos (CFMV, 2012) e submetidos à necrópsia. Foram colhidos o fígado e a vesícula biliar para recuperação de trematódeos e análise histopatológica...

Platynosomum fastosum (sin. P. illiciens, P. concinnum) is a digenean trematode ofthe family Dicrocoeliidae, that inhabits biliary tract of domestic and wild cats, whoseinfection goes from assymptomatic to letal. The prevalence of this trematode variesfrom 15 to 85% in tropical countries. In Brazil, available data is limited to case reportsand few local epidemiological surveys. In Ceará, it was never performed anepidemiological survey, but a case report was recently published. The objective of thisstudy was to calculate the prevalence of the P. fastosum infection, characterizing themain lesions associated to its pathogenesis, in free roaming cats in the municipality ofMaracanaú, Ceará. It was performed an epidemiological pathological analitical crosssectionalsurvey about the P. fastosum infection in a sample of cats, received orcaptured by the Zoonosis Control Office of Maracanaú, between May/2014 andMay/2015. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Comitée of UFC(#40/2014). In a probabilist sample, 141 screened cats were euthanized by approvedinjection (CFMV, 2012) and submitted to necropsy. Livers and gallbladders werecollected to recover trematodes and perform histopathology...

Ectocommensal and ectoparasites in goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in farmed in the State of São Paulo / Ectocomensais e ectoparasitas em kinguios Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) criados em fazenda no Estado de São Paulo

Concomitant infections by several parasitic genera are rare, very debilitating and often lethal to fish reared under commercial breeding conditions. Were describe a multiple and concurrent parasite infestation in cultured goldfish Carassius auratus with skin damage (nodules and/or ulceration). Fish with skin lesions underwent necropsy, and the skin and gills were scraped and examined. Histopathological examination with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Giemsa stain, and an ultrastructure study using transmission and scanning electron microscopy were conducted. In the skin, we identified multiple-parasite infestations by Gyrodactylidae, Epistylis sp., Trichodina sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena sp. and Ichthyobodo necator,associated with epithelial cell hyperplasia and epidermal sloughing. Although no gross lesions were observed, were identified a large number of parasites in the gills (Epistylis sp., Piscinoodinium sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina sp., Apiosoma sp., Hexamitasp. and cysts of a trematode digenean). The observed trematodes were not identified. The associated microscopic lesions were epithelial hypertrophic and hyperplasic and exhibited fusion of secondary lamellae and epithelial cell detachment. This is the first description of a protozoan Vorticella sp. parasitizing goldfish in Brazil. Multiple ectoparasitism by protozoa and Platyhelminthes, with or without apparent tissue damage, can be fatal for goldfish raised on farms with poor management.

A infestação concomitante por vários gêneros de parasitas é uma condição rara, debilitante e letal para os peixes e está geralmente associada aos problemas ambientais e de manejo. Com o objetivo de descrever os ectoparasitos presentes em kinguios Carassius auratus com lesões cutâneas, cultivados em fazenda comercial, foram analisados 30 exemplares de peixes por esfregaços de pele lesionada e de brânquias; exame histopatológico de tecidos corados pela técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Giemsa e estudo ultraestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura de tecidos coletados após necropsia. Nas lesões cutâneas, foram observados os parasitos: Gyrodactylidae, Epistylis sp., Trichodina sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena sp. e Ichthyobodo necator, associados à hiperplasia epitelial, descamação epidérmica e presença de infiltrado inflamatório. A infestação das brânquias, mesmo sem lesão macroscópica, evidenciou Epistylissp., Piscinoodinium sp., I. multifiliis, Trichodina sp., Apiosoma sp., Hexamita sp. e cistos de trematódeo associados à hipertrofia e hiperplasia epitelial, fusão de lamelas secundárias, descamação epitelial e presença de infiltrado inflamatório. Os trematódeos observados não foram identificados. É a primeira descrição do protozoário Vorticella sp. parasitando kinguios no Brasil. O ectoparasitismo múltiplo por protozoários e platelmintos, com ou sem lesão aparente, pode ser fatal em peixes cultivados em condições ambientais precárias.

nzimas y glicoproteínas presentes en extractos de vermes adultos de Fasciola hepatica / Enzymes and glycoproteins present in extracts of adult Fasciola hepatica worms

Fasciola hepatica es un trematodo que causa lesiones en el hígado y vías biliares afectando a herbívoros y al hombre, constituyendo un problema de salud pública en zonas agrícolas a nivel mundial. El parásito posee glicoproteínas y enzimas que facilitan su penetración y migración en los tejidos hospederos. El objetivo fue evaluar estos componentes en extractos [fracción soluble (FS) y fracción particulada (FP)] de vermes adultos de F. hepatica. Las fracciones fueron analizadas para proteínas, carbohidratos, actividades enzimáticas, y por electroforesis (SDS-PAGE-15%) en condiciones no reductoras (NR) y reductoras (R). En FS, la concentración de carbohidratos fue 5,63 μmol/mL; se detectó la presencia de fosfohidrolasas, glicosidasas y peptidasas, sobresaliendo la actividad Fosfatasa Acida (1,19 μmol/h/mg, pH 5,0). En FP, la concentración de carbohidratos fue más elevada (7,89 μmol/mL); se observaron valores elevados de Fosfatasa Alcalina (5,79 μmol/h/mg), Fosfatasa Acida (1,67 μmol/h/mg) y moderados de Fosfodiesterasa (0,280 μmol/h/mg pH 9,6). Se detectó actividad Acetilcolinesterasa mayor en FS que en FP (3,95 A/h vs. 1,68 A/h). En SDS-PAGE ambos extractos mostraron polipéptidos de ~80 a 10-kDa; el pre-tratamiento de las muestras con sodio-metaperiodato redujo el número de bandas en cada extracto, sugiriendo la presencia de glicocomponentes. En conclusión, se hallaron enzimas y glicocomponentes en los extractos de F. hepatica estudiados, lo cual constituye un aporte en la búsqueda de posibles blancos inmunológicos y farmacológicos para el control de esta parasitosis.

Fasciola hepatica is a trematode that causes damage to the liver and biliary tract in both herbivores and man, and is thus an important public health concern in agricultural areas worldwide. This parasite contains glycoproteins and enzymes that facilitate its penetration of, and migration through, host tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative proportions of these components in the soluble fraction (SF) and n-butanol-solubilized extracts of the particulate fraction (PF) of whole homogenates of adult F. hepatica worms. Extracts were analyzed for protein and carbohydrate content, and hydrolytic activity. In addition, 15% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed under non-reducing (NR) and reducing (R) conditions to identify other components. The SF contained 5.63 μmol carbohydrate/mL, as well as phosphohydrolases, glycosidases and peptidases, with a high acid phosphatase activity (1.19 μmol/h/mg, pH 5.0) that seemed to be characteristic of this fraction. The PF contained 7.89 μmol carbohydrate/mL, with high alkaline phosphatase (5.79 μmol/h/mg) and acid phosphatase (1.67 μmol/h/mg), and moderate phosphodiesterase (0.280 μmol/h/mg pH 9.6) values. Acetylcholinesterase activity was higher in the SF than the PF (3.95 A/h vs. 1.68 A/h). SDS-PAGE analysis showed the presence of polypeptides in both the SF and the PF of ~80 to 10-kDa . Pretreatment with sodium-metaperiodate reduced the number of bands in each extract suggesting the presence of glycocomponents. The notable presence of enzymes and glycocomponents in the SF and PF extracts of adult F. hepatica worms is a first step towards the eventual identification of new immunological and pharmacological targets for the control of this disease.

Biology of Kalipharynx sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) metacercariae in Biomphalaria (Gasteropoda: Planorbidae) from Northeastern Argentina / Biología de metacercarias Kalipharynx sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) en Biomphalaria (Gasteropoda: Planorbidae) del noreste argentino

In Argentina, no ecological studies have been reported on the infection parameters of Kalipharynx sp. metacercariae in planorbid snails. To this end, the aims of this study were: (i) to provide information on the population biology of Kalipharynx sp. metacercariae in the planorbid snails Biomphalaria tenagophila and B. occidentalis through the study of prevalence and intensity of larval infection during a seasonal cycle; (ii) to evaluate the effects of host shell size on prevalence and infection intensity, (iii) to evaluate the effect of infection intensity on cyst size. Samples were taken between June 2010 and April 2011 (encompassing all seasons) from a subtropical permanent pond in Corrientes City, Corrientes, Argentina. A total of 362 metacercariae (n=262 and n=100; from B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis respectively) were collected from 616 snails (n=466 and n=150 from B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis respectively). The metacercarial cysts were found in the digestive gland, mantle cavity, intestine and ovotestis. B. tenagophila showed a range of infection from 1 to 60 cysts per snail (mean=4.5±SD=9.9), and cyst diameter ranging between 255 and 705μm (466.4±119); while, B. occidentalis showed a range of infection from 1 to 23 (5.5±5.6), and cyst diameter ranging between 310 to 900μm (554.5±150). Results obtained indicated that, although absent in autumn, metacercariae of Kalipharynx sp. were present most of the year in both species of Biomphalaria, showing high values in both warm-season. Furthermore, both the infection intensity and host shell size varied significantly between seasons, although no seasonal variation was observed with respect to metacercarial cyst size, suggesting the possibility of more than one peak of cercariae emergence during the year. The prevalence of infection was significantly and positively correlated with snail size in both host species (p<0.05). The smallest host size class harbouring a metacercarial infection was 7.1-8.0mm and 11.1-12.0mm in B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis, respectively. The mean intensity of infection was positively correlated with snail size, but this relation was significant only in B. tenagophila (p<0.05). However, non-significant negative correlations were observed for intensity of infection vs cyst size in both host species (p>0.05). The results of this study show a significant influence of host size on prevalence and infection intensity, and a tendency towards density-dependent reductions in the growth of cysts. This is the first study in Argentina analyzing the population biology of Kalipharynx sp. metacercariae.Rev. Biol. Trop. 61 (4): 1647-1656. Epub 2013 December 01.

En Argentina, no hay estudios ecológicos que hayan reportado los parámetros de infección de metacercarias Kalipharynx sp. en caracoles planorbídeos. Por lo que los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (i) proporcionar información sobre la biología de la población de metacercarias Kalipharynx sp. en los planorbídeos Biomphalaria tenagophila y B. occidentalis, a través del estudio de la prevalencia e intensidad de la infección por larvas durante un ciclo estacional, (ii) evaluar los efectos del tamaño del hospedador sobre la prevalencia y la intensidad de la infección (iii) evaluar el efecto de la intensidad de infección sobre el tamaño del quiste. Entre junio 2010 y abril 2011 se recolectaron en una laguna semipermanente de Corrientes, Argentina, un total de 616 caracoles (n=466 y n=150 de B. tenagophila y B. occidentalis, respectivamente) de los cuales se extrajeron 362 metacercarias (n=262 y n=100; de B. tenagophila y B. occidentalis, respectivamente). Se encontraron quistes en glándula digestiva, cavidad del manto, intestino y ovotestis. B. tenagophila y B. occidentalis estuvieron infectados con metacercarias la mayor parte del año, excepto en otoño, con valores altos en las estaciones cálidas (primavera-verano). La intensidad de infección y el tamaño del hospedador mostraron diferencias significativas entre las tres estaciones analizadas (invierno-verano), aunque no se observaron variaciones estacionales con respecto al tamaño de los quistes, sugiriendo la posibilidad de más de un pico de emergencia de las cercarias durante el año. La prevalencia se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con el tamaño del hospedador en ambas especies (p<0.05). La intensidad media de infección se correlacionó positivamente con el tamaño del hospedador, pero esta relación fue significativa sólo en B. tenagophila (p<0.05). Sin embargo, se observaron correlaciones negativas no significativas entre la intensidad de infección y el tamaño de los quistes en ambas especies (p>0.05). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una influencia significativa del tamaño del hospedador sobre la prevalencia y la intensidad de infección y una tendencia hacia reducciones denso-dependientes en el crecimiento de los quistes. Es el primer estudio que analiza la biología poblacional de metacercarias Kalipharynx sp. en caracoles planorbídeos de Argentina.

Petasiger Dietz, 1909 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in birds and mollusks from Brazil / Petasiger Dietz, 1909 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) em aves e moluscos do Brasil

Species of Petasiger Dietz, 1909 are intestinal trematodes of aquatic birds. Despite the diversity of described species in Europe and North America, only two South American species are known and no species have been previously reported in birds from Brazil. During a study of helminths recovered from the Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766), from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, adult trematodes identified as Petasiger novemdecim Lutz, 1928 were found. The prevalence of infection was 55% (5/9), and the mean intensity of infection was 8 (1-32) parasites. Additionally, Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) and Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) obtained from aquatic collections in the same state were found to harbor two species of echinostome cercariae of the Magnacauda group. These cercariae developed into metacercariae in experimentally infected Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859. Attempts to obtain adult parasites in vertebrate host models (mice, chickens, ducks and canaries) were unsuccessful. The present study is the first report of Petasiger in Brazilian birds and the first morphological description of larvae of these parasites in Brazilian mollusks. Taxonomic aspects related to South American species of Petasiger are discussed. It is suggested that, based on significant morphological differences observed in larval stages (i.e., larval dimensions) and adult parasites (i.e., disposition of the testes), Petasiger caribbensis Nassi, 1980 should be reconsidered as a distinct species from P. novemdecim.

Espécies do gênero Petasiger Dietz, 1909 são trematódeos intestinais de aves aquáticas. Apesar da diversidade de espécies descritas na Europa e América do Norte, somente duas espécies são conhecidas na América do Sul, e nenhuma espécie reportada previamente em aves do Brasil. Durante o estudo de helmintos recuperados de Mergulhão pequeno, Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766), do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, trematódeos adultos identificados como Petasiger novemdecim Lutz, 1928 foram encontrados. A prevalência de infecção foi 55% (5/9) e a intensidade média de infecção 8 (1-32) parasitos. Adicionalmente, Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) e Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) obtidas em coleções aquáticas do mesmo estado foram encontradas albergando duas espécies de cercárias do tipo equinóstoma pertencentes ao grupo Magnacauda. Estas cercárias desenvolveram-se em metacercárias em Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 experimentalmente infectados. Tentativas de obtenção de parasitos adultos em modelos experimentais (camundongos, frangos, patos e canários) demonstraram-se sem sucesso. O presente estudo é o primeiro relato de Petasiger em aves brasileiras e primeira descrição morfológica de larvas destes parasitos em moluscos do Brasil. Aspectos taxonômicos relacionados às espécies sul-americanas de Petasiger são discutidos. Sugere-se que, em vista das diferenças morfológicas observadas nos estágios larvais (i.e., dimensões das larvas) e dos parasitos adultos (i.e., disposição dos testículos), Petasiger caribbensis Nassi, 1980 seja reconsiderada espécie distinta de P. novemdecim.

Epidemiology of cercarial stage of trematodes in freshwater snails from Chiang Mai province, Thailand

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological situation of cercarial trematodes infection in freshwater snails from different water resources in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Methods:The snail specimens were collected from 13 districts of Chiang Mai province during April 2008 to February 2012. The prevalence of cercarial infection in snails was investigated using the crushing method. The drawing was done with the help of a camera lucida for the morphological study. Results:A total of 2 479 snail individuals were collected and classified into 7 families, 11 genera, and 14 species, Among them, 8 snails species were found to be infected with an overall prevalence of 17.27% (428/2 479), which infected with nine groups of cercariae;gymnocephalous cercaria, strigea cercaria, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, parapleurolophocercous cercaria (Haplorchis cercaria), pleurolophocercous cercaria, furcocercous cercaria (Transversotrema cercaria), xiphidiocercaria, and virgulate cercaria. The parapleurolophocercous cercaria was found to be the dominant type among the cercarial infection in the snails (64.25%). Conclusions:The various species of snails found in the research location act as the intermediate hosts for the high prevalence of parasitic infection of many species of mammals. This work will provide new information on both the distribution and first intermediate host of trematodes.

Pesquisa de trematódeos digenéticos em Heleobia spp. (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae) em área de ocorrência da Ehrlichiose monocítica equina, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Research of trematodes digenetics from Heleobia spp. (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae) in area of occurrence of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A ehrlichiose monocítica equina (EME) na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul tem demonstrado ser importante nas criações de cavalos Crioulos. A enfermidade foi relatada e diagnosticada como causa de diarreia, prejuízos com tratamentos e com a morte de equinos não estabulados, sendo apontada como um fator limitante na criação de equinos em algumas regiões. O modo de transmissão pela via oral, intermediada por trematódeos em ambientes aquáticos, tem sido sustentado. Caracóis dulciaquícolas estão envolvidos como hospedeiros intermediários de trematódeos albergadores de Neorickettsia risticii. Um total de 16.846 caracóis Heleobia foi coletado nos municípios de Arroio Grande, Rio Grande, Palmares do Sul e Santa Vitória do Palmar, 92,2% dos quais foram encontrados nas raízes de aguapés (Eichornea spp.). A frequência de trematódeos presentes nos caracóis variou de 2,3 a 12,8% nas propriedades coletadas. Foram encontrados três tipos de cercárias, morfotipo 1, morfotipo 2 e morfotipo 3, e dois morfotipos de metacercárias nos caracóis. Um total de 357 insetos da ordem Odonata foi coletado, fases de metacercárias foram encontradas no tegumento da subordem Anisoptera com frequência de 5,3%. Mais estudos são necessários para identificar as fases larvais encontradas, bem como para conhecer o hospedeiro definitivo, identificar o parasito adulto e a relação de seu ciclo de vida com a ocorrência da ehrlichiose monocítica equina.

The equine monocytic ehrlichiosis in the region South of the Rio Grande do Sul has demonstrated to be important in the creations of Crioulo horses. It has been reported as cause of diarrhea in equine not surround and as cause of losses with treatments and death of the animals, being pointed as a limited factor in the range breeding in some regions. The way of transmission for the oral way, intermediated for trematodes in aquatic environments, has been supported. Freshwater snails are involved as intermediate hosts of trematodes and harbor of the Neorickettsia risticii. A total of 16,846 Heleobia snails had been collected in the cities of Arroio Grande, Rio Grande, Palmares do Sul and Santa Vitoria do Palmar, 92.2% of which had been found in the roots of aquatics plants (Eichornea spp.). The frequency of trematodes present in the snails varied of 2.3 to 12.8% in the collected regions. Three types of cercariae were found, morphology type 1, morphology type 2 and morphology type 3, and two morphologic type of metacercariae of the snails. A total of 357 insects of the Odonata order were collected, stages of metacercariae had been found in the tissues of suborder Anisoptera with 5.3% of frequency. More studies are necessary for identification of the joined larval phases, as well as knowing the host definitive and identifying the adult parasite and the relation of its cycle of life with the occcurrence of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis.

Larvas de trematódeos em moluscos do Brasil: panorama e perspectivas após um século de estudos / Larval trematodes in molluscs of Brazil: overview and perspectives after a century of studies

O estudo de larvas de trematódeos encontradas em moluscos no Brasil foi iniciado há cerca de um século e, desde então, dezenas de cercárias e alguns ciclos biológicos destes parasitos foram descritos no país. Na presente atualização, são discutidos aspectos relacionados ao diagnóstico diferencial entre as cercárias de espécies de importância médico-veterinária, como Schistosoma mansoni e Fasciola hepatica, e outras larvas de parasitos de animais silvestres. Uma chave de identificação dos principais tipos cercarianos e suas características biológicas gerais são apresentadas. Além disso, são discutidos os estudos destes parasitos com enfoque em biodiversidade, biologia evolutiva e ecologia, bem como sua possível utilização como bioindicadores e controladores biológicos, abordagens pouco utilizadas no Brasil...

Epidemiology of cercarial stage of trematodes in freshwater snails from Chiang Mai province, Thailand

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological situation of cercarial trematodes infection in freshwater snails from different water resources in Chiang Mai province, Thailand.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The snail specimens were collected from 13 districts of Chiang Mai province during April 2008 to February 2012. The prevalence of cercarial infection in snails was investigated using the crushing method. The drawing was done with the help of a camera lucida for the morphological study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 2 479 snail individuals were collected and classified into 7 families, 11 genera, and 14 species, Among them, 8 snails species were found to be infected with an overall prevalence of 17.27% (428/2 479), which infected with nine groups of cercariae; gymnocephalous cercaria, strigea cercaria, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, parapleurolophocercous cercaria (Haplorchis cercaria), pleurolophocercous cercaria, furcocercous cercaria (Transversotrema cercaria), xiphidiocercaria, and virgulate cercaria. The parapleurolophocercous cercaria was found to be the dominant type among the cercarial infection in the snails (64.25%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The various species of snails found in the research location act as the intermediate hosts for the high prevalence of parasitic infection of many species of mammals. This work will provide new information on both the distribution and first intermediate host of trematodes.</p>